Step 1: Open the DVD with DVD Shrink


Download and install DVD Shrink.
Run DVD Shrink.
Insert the DVD you want to copy.
Select Open Disc . If you have more than one DVD drive, it will ask which one to use.

The program will analyze the disc. This can take many minutes.

Step 2: Removing Unwanted Features
This is a critical step. Since most DVDs are DVD-9 (8GB) and your blank disc is a DVD-5 (4.7GB) something has to go. Either you need to REMOVE things you don't want (like trailers or extras) and you will need to RECOMPRESS the video of the main movie to fit properly in the remaining space. If you remove something wrong, you can cause the resulting disc not to play right.
Here is the main screen you will see AFTER its done anayzing.

Check to see if the recompression percentage is acceptable. Take a look at the percentage on the top right.

Make sure that you have MAIN MOVIE selected on the left . It should default to that, but double check.
Note: Some movies have TWO copies of the movie on the disc; widescreen and full screen. Typically, you will only want to keep one copy (hopefully the widescreen version). Before continuing, expand the MAIN MOVIE tree and make sure only ONE entry is there.
If there are two, and you want to keep BOTH, you will need to select each one in turn and follow the below steps for EACH entry.
Chances are likely, you only want ONE of them. DVD Shrink doesn't handle this easily at this time. I recommend you use Nero Recode instead. However, you can choose to replace the movie with still images and NO audio to get it the smallest possible.
See below REMOVING EXTRAS.
Remove Audio Tracks you to not want. Most of the time, there will be numerous audio tracks you do not need.

In this sample, we've unchecked EVERYTHING except the English track. You will likely see a very different list on your DVD. You might see a DTS track, several AC3 English tracks (not pointed out as Director Commentary), and several other languages. NORMALLY ... the biggest track in MB (in this case, 354MB) is the best one. If you have a DTS decoder on your home theater, you might ONLY select the DTS track. If you want to make sure it works on all machines, you might want to choose the DTS AND the first English audio track (normally AC3 5.1-ch English). The more you get rid of, the more room is available for the movie - the quality will go up.

Check to see if the recompression percentage is acceptable. (see above)

Remove subtitles. Subtitles are the words that you can turn on (like closed captions) during the movie that show what the actors are saying (or describing noises). Chances are likely you will want to remove them.

While you might be tempted to remove ALL subtitles, I recommend you leave English subtitles. If the movie has a section in a foreign language (like Klingon :), and the movie shows you, in English text on the bottom, the translation, the DVD might use subtitles to display these. Birthday Girl is a good example. If you remove the subtitles, the long scenes in Russian will not be translated for you.

Overcompress/Remove Extras. Many people don't care about extras like trailers, bloopers, featurettes, etc. To get that magic compression percentage up, you might want to overcompress/remove the extras to make MORE room for the movie. Note: If REMOVING extras is your plan, use the Nero Recode tutorial. You can, however, replace the extra with still frames with no audio

You can select each extra (as you can see, they aren't named) and use the preview window at the bottom to see what each extra is. You'll learn by the size (the more you do this) what is a trailer, what is a featurette, etc. Right now, the extra in our example is 184MB.
OVERCOMPRESSIONOnce you select an extra, the Video compression percentage will change, showing you how much DVD Shrink decided to recompress that extra. To make that extra smaller, you'll need to override the Video compression and choose a smaller value.

Change to CUSTOM RATIO, and move the slider to the lowest value. This will make that extra as small as it can be. Remember, you can also remove subtitles and audio tracks from these too (although its rare you will have that sort of option). After changing this to 50.7%, the size of the extra is now 160MB.
REMOVALYou can't really REMOVE the extra, but you CAN replace the whole movie with still blank images, remove ALL the audio and subpictures and make it VERY SMALL.

Change Video to STILL PICTURES. Uncheck all the Audio and Subpictures. You can now see that we've reduced the size to 34MB.
Step 3: The Backup Process
Choose where and how to burn the disc. If you have Nero installed, you can use the Nero engine to write the new DVD directly to your burner, or as an image file. If not, you need to at least select a new folder to put the DVD files.
Double check the other settings. Poke through the other tabs on the Backup window and make sure everything is how you want it.
Hit OK . This will start the process..
The encoder window will appear and show you the remaining time, a preview window, etc. This deprotects, compresses, and otherwise processes the DVD. This can take anywhere from 30 minutes to a couple hours (or more).
If you elected to burn the DVD directly in Nero, then the DVD will burn, and you are done. If not, you have one more chance to make sure the movie is good before you burn it.
I recommend that you always write the movie to the hard drive first (even if its just a Nero Image File - you can mount that as a DVD image and test it out later).
Step 4: Check and Burn The Movie
Load your favorite software and check out the movie. If its acceptable, use your favorite DVD software to write the files to a DVD-Video.

CPU Packages Type

1.)S.E.C.C. Package Type

S.E.C.C. is short for Single Edge Contact Cartridge. To connect to the motherboard, the processor is inserted into a slot. Instead of having pins, it uses goldfinger contacts, which the processor uses to carry its signals back and forth. The S.E.C.C. is covered with a metal shell that covers the top of the entire cartridge assembly. The back of the cartridge is a thermal plate that acts as a heatsink. Inside the S.E.C.C., most processors have a printed circuit board called the substrate that links together the processor, the L2 cache and the bus termination circuits. The S.E.C.C. package was used in the Intel Pentium II processors, which have 242 contacts and the Pentium® II Xeon™ and Pentium III Xeon processors, which have 330 contacts.


2.)S.E.C.C.2 Package Type


The S.E.C.C.2 package is similar to the S.E.C.C. package except the S.E.C.C.2 uses less casing and does not include the thermal plate. The S.E.C.C.2 package was used in some later versions of the Pentium II processor and Pentium III processor (242 contacts).


3.S.E.P. Package Type


S.E.P. is short for Single Edge Processor. The S.E.P. package is similar to a S.E.C.C. or S.E.C.C.2 package but it has no covering. In addition, the substrate (circuit board) is visible from the bottom side. The S.E.P. package was used by early Intel Celeron processors, which have 242 contacts.


4.)PPGA Package Type
PPGA is short for Plastic Pin Grid Array, and these processors have pins that are inserted into a socket. To improve thermal conductivity, the PPGA uses a nickel plated copper heat slug on top of the processor. The pins on the bottom of the chip are staggered. In addition, the pins are arranged in a way that the processor can only be inserted one way into the socket. The PPGA package is used by early Intel Celeron processors, which have 370 pins.

5.)PGA Package Type


PGA is short for Pin Grid Array, and these processors have pins that are inserted into a socket. To improve thermal conductivity, the PGA uses a nickel plated copper heat slug on top of the processor. The pins on the bottom of the chip are staggered. In addition, the pins are arranged in a way that the processor can only be inserted one way into the socket. The PGA package is used by the Intel Xeon™ processor, which has 603 pins

CPU Socket

A CPU socket or CPU slot is a connector on a computer's motherboard that accepts a CPU and forms an electrical interface with it. As of 2007, most desktop and server computers, particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture, include socketed processors.

Most CPU-sockets interfaces are based on the pin grid array (PGA) architecture, in which short, stiff pins on the underside of the processor package mate with holes in the socket. To minimize the risk of bent pins, zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets allow the processor to be inserted without any resistance, then grip the pins firmly to ensure a reliable contact after a lever is flipped.

As of 2007, several current and upcoming socket designs use land grid array (LGA) technology instead. In this design, it is the socket which contains pins. The pins contact pads or lands on the bottom of the processor package.

In the late 1990s, many x86 processors fit into slots, rather than sockets. CPU slots are single-edged connectors similar to expansion slots, into which a PCB holding a processor is inserted. Slotted CPU packages offered two advantages: L2 cache memory could be upgraded by installing an additional chip onto the processor PCB, and processor insertion and removal was often easier. However, slotted packages require longer traces between the CPU and chipset, and therefore became unsuitable as clock speeds passed 500 MHz. Slots were abandoned with the introduction of AMD's Socket A and Intel's Socket 370.

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Form Factors of Motherboard

From AT to BTX:
Motherboard Form Factors

You've probably heard the term motherboard a thousand times, but do you know what it really means and how it relates to the rest of your computer?
The form factor of a motherboard determines the specifications for its general shape and size. It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and organization of the board. Form factor is especially important if you build your own computer systems and need to ensure that you purchase the correct case and components.

The Succession of Motherboard Form Factors

AT & Baby AT
Prior to 1997, IBM computers used large motherboards. After that, however, the size of the motherboard was reduced and boards using the AT (Advanced Technology) form factor was released. The AT form factor is found in older computers (386 class or earlier). Some of the problems with this form factor mainly arose from the physical size of the board, which is 12" wide, often causing the board to overlap with space required for the drive bays.

Following the AT form factor, the Baby AT form factor was introduced. With the Baby AT form factor the width of the motherboard was decreased from 12" to 8.5", limiting problems associated with overlapping on the drive bays' turf. Baby AT became popular and was designed for peripheral devices — such as the keyboard, mouse, and video — to be contained on circuit boards that were connected by way of expansion slots on the motherboard.

Baby AT was not without problems however. Computer memory itself advanced, and the Baby AT form factor had memory sockets at the front of the motherboard. As processors became larger, the Baby AT form factor did not allow for space to use a combination of processor, heatsink, and fan. The ATX form factor was then designed to overcome these issues.
Key Terms To Understanding Motherboard Form Factors
motherboard
The main circuit board of a microcomputer.

form factor
The physical size and shape of a device. It is often used to describe the size of circuit boards.

AT
Short for advanced technology, the AT is an IBM PC model introduced in 1984.

ATX
The modern-day shape and layout of PC motherboards.

BTX
The BTX specification provides new tools and design space for developers to lay out desktop systems, whether designing small, compact systems or very large, expandable systems.

Baby AT
The form factor used by most PC motherboards prior to 1998.


ATX
With the need for a more integrated form factor which defined standard locations for the keyboard, mouse, I/O, and video connectors, in the mid 1990's the ATX form factor was introduced. The ATX form factor brought about many chances in the computer. Since the expansion slots were put onto separate riser cards that plugged into the motherboard, the overall size of the computer and its case was reduced. The ATX form factor specified changes to the motherboard, along with the case and power supply. Some of the design specification improvements of the ATX form factor included a single 20-pin connector for the power supply, a power supply to blow air into the case instead of out for better air flow, less overlap between the motherboard and drive bays, and integrated I/O Port connectors soldered directly onto the motherboard. The ATX form factor was an overall better design for upgrading.

micro-ATX
MicroATX followed the ATX form factor and offered the same benefits but improved the overall system design costs through a reduction in the physical size of the motherboard. This was done by reducing the number of I/O slots supported on the board. The microATX form factor also provided more I/O space at the rear and reduced emissions from using integrated I/O connectors.

LPX
White ATX is the most well-known and used form factor, there is also a non-standard proprietary form factor which falls under the name of LPX, and Mini-LPX. The LPX form factor is found in low-profile cases (desktop model as opposed to a tower or mini-tower) with a riser card arrangement for expansion cards where expansion boards run parallel to the motherboard. While this allows for smaller cases it also limits the number of expansion slots available. Most LPX motherboards have sound and video integrated onto the motherboard. While this can make for a low-cost and space saving product they are generally difficult to repair due to a lack of space and overall non-standardization. The LPX form factor is not suited to upgrading and offer poor cooling.

NLX
Boards based on the NLX form factor hit the market in the late 1990's. This "updated LPX" form factor offered support for larger memory modules, tower cases, AGP video support and reduced cable length. In addition, motherboards are easier to remove. The NLX form factor, unlike LPX is an actual standard which means there is more component options for upgrading and repair.

Many systems that were formerly designed to fit the LPX form factor are moving over to NLX. The NLX form factor is well-suited to mass-market retail PCs.

BTX
The BTX, or Balanced Technology Extended form factor, unlike its predecessors is not an evolution of a previous form factor but a total break away from the popular and dominating ATX form factor. BTX was developed to take advantage of technologies such as Serial ATA, USB 2.0, and PCI Express. Changes to the layout with the BTX form factor include better component placement for back panel I/O controllers and it is smaller than microATX systems. The BTX form factor provides the industry push to tower size systems with an increased number of system slots.

One of the most talked about features of the BTX form factor is that it uses in-line airflow. In the BTX form factor the memory slots and expansion slots have switched places, allowing the main components (processor, chipset, and graphics controller) to use the same airflow which reduces the number of fans needed in the system; thereby reducing noise. To assist in noise reduction BTX system level acoustics have been improved by a reduced air turbulence within the in-line airflow system.

Initially there will be three motherboards offered in BTX form factor. The first, picoBTX will offer four mounting holes and one expansion slot, while microBTX will hold seven mounting holes and four expansion slots, and lastly, regularBTX will offer 10 mounting holes and seven expansion slots. The new BTX form factor design is incompatible with ATX, with the exception of being able to use an ATX power supply with BTX boards.

Today the industry accepts the ATX form factor as the standard, however legacy AT systems are still widely in use. Since the BTX form factor design is incompatible with ATX, only time will tell if it will overtake ATX as the industry standard.